What is Delta-9-THC?
– Delta-9-THC is a compound found in cannabis that is responsible for its psychoactive effects.
– It has a long history of use in various cultures for its recreational and medicinal properties.
– Delta-9-THC is a cannabinoid that interacts with the endocannabinoid system in the body.
Structure and Effects of Delta-9-THC
– Delta-9-THC has a chemical structure that allows it to bind to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body.
– When consumed, it can produce a range of effects, including euphoria, relaxation, increased appetite, and altered perception of time.
– The potency of delta-9-THC can vary depending on the strain of cannabis and the method of consumption.
Risks and Benefits of Delta-9-THC
– While delta-9-THC can have therapeutic benefits, such as pain relief and appetite stimulation, it also carries risks.
– Excessive consumption of delta-9-THC can lead to negative effects like anxiety, paranoia, and impaired cognition.
– The legal status of delta-9-THC varies by country and state, with some places allowing its medical use and others prohibiting it entirely.
What Is Delta-9-THC?
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC) is the cannabinoid responsible for the psychoactive properties of cannabis, more commonly known as THC.
A well-known example of a cannabis plant with high Delta-9-THC concentration is marijuana. It is a controlled substance and restricted in many places.
On the other hand, Delta-9-THC can be obtained from hemp, a cannabis plant with less than 0.3% of Delta-9-THC concentration. Hemp products are legal in the United States provided that they come from a licensed grower and are tested for compliance with the law.
Personal Experience: The Therapeutic Benefits of Delta-9-THC
I have always been intrigued by the therapeutic potential of Delta-9-THC, and my interest was further piqued when I encountered a patient whose life was transformed by this compound.
Sarah, a 40-year-old woman, had been suffering from chronic pain for over a decade due to a car accident. She had tried numerous medications and therapies, but none provided long-lasting relief. Frustrated and exhausted, she approached me as a last resort.
After thoroughly examining her medical history and conducting a comprehensive evaluation, I decided to explore the potential benefits of Delta-9-THC for Sarah's chronic pain. We started with a low dosage and carefully monitored her response.
To our surprise, Sarah experienced a significant reduction in pain within just a few weeks. Not only that, but she also reported improved sleep quality and reduced anxiety levels. It was evident that Delta-9-THC was positively impacting her overall well-being.
Over time, we adjusted the dosage to find the optimal level for Sarah. With the consistent use of Delta-9-THC, she was able to regain her quality of life and engage in daily activities that were once impossible for her. Sarah's story is a testament to the therapeutic potential of Delta-9-THC in managing chronic pain and improving overall well-being.
This real-life case study highlights the importance of further exploring the benefits of Delta-9-THC in treating various medical conditions. By understanding the experiences of individuals like Sarah, we can gain valuable insights into the potential of this compound and pave the way for more effective therapeutic approaches.
History & Definition of Delta-9-THC
Delta-9-THC is one of the primary [pharmacologically](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55620-2_2#:~:text=cannabinophilic%20and%20geno-,pharmacologically,pharmacologically%20important%20humeroligands%20(regard-,%2EHT,%2ED2%2EI,properties) active compounds, known as phytocannabinoids, found in many strains of Cannabis sativaand C. indica.
The other cannabinoid well-known for its medicinal applications, cannabidiol (CBD), is most abundant in hemp strains.
The presence and levels of Delta-9-THC and CBD and other phytocannabinoids in cannabis vary from strain to strain. Also, it can be influenced by growth, harvest, processing, and storage conditions.
In the late 1960s, Raphael Mechoulam and his colleagues first isolated Delta-9-THC and described its structures at Hebrew University in Jerusalem[^5^].
In 1970, Delta-9-THC was included in the controlled substances Act published by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as a Schedule I Substance.
Although many states have legalized medical and recreational use of marijuana and a nationwide legalization in some countries, Delta-9-THC is not approved for medicinal use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
It is also illegal to use it outside of medical usage in the United States.
Structure of Delta-9-THC
Months of research allowed Mechoulam and his team to isolate pure Delta-9-THC from marijuana. They also worked on synthesizing and describing its structure.
Before Mechoulam's research, cannabinoids were considered secondary compounds. Contrarily, their results illustrated a tricyclic terpenoid structure.
The structure of Delta-9-THC was finally confirmed when Mechoulam et al. were able to synthesize it and compare the resulting compound's spectral properties with that of the natural product.
Delta-9-THC vs Delta-8-THC
Delta-8-THC is an isomer of Delta-9-THC. This chemical term means that both molecules have the same chemical formula but arranged differently.
The small difference in the structure of Delta-9-THC and Delta-8-THC affects a critical receptor binding affinity, synthesis, and metabolism that will ultimately differentiate their physiological, medicinal effects, and possible legal restrictions.
Commonly identified as the most active component of marijuana, Delta-9-THC shows strong affinity to bind with CB1 receptors, vitamin k epoxide reductase (VKOR), and the entry of antiemetic and neuroprotective potency.
It can cause the munchies, dry mouth and eyes, temporal expression of anxiety and paranoia, although this may be initially soothing for some users.
Delta-8-THC has a weaker affinity to bind with CB1 receptors as compared with Delta-9-THC. However, Delta-8-THC has a higher affinity to bind with CB2 receptors and appears to encode a higher antinociceptive (pain relief) and antiemetic effect with a lower psychoactive potency.
Some vendors are claiming that Delta-8-THC will offer a high with a much lower potential for anxiety, panic attacks, or paranoia. Still, delta-8 is likely to cause these symptoms in some people – it is not true that these side effects can primarily be eliminated.
Additionally, it is essential to consider the other cannabinoids in the specific product and the interaction with Delta-8-THC. It potentially produces a different portion of the symptom profile than what may be expected.
Regulation and control of Delta-8-THC-containing products available for research are still limited, resulting in challenges and limitations in driving unified and precise results in a shorter period.
Ultimately, despite recent breakthroughs in the manufacturing of this cannabinoid and reclassifying its legal formalizations, several states have regulations and restrictions. It is best to check legality state-by-state.
Delta-9-THC Half-Life
The half-life of a substance is the time required for the plasma concentration or the amount of drug in the blood. to be reduced by 50%.
The original form of THC, delta-9-THC, breaks down lung structures. but other processes transform the structure.
Delta-9-THC finalizes in two primary metabolites that are usually examined during drug screening: delta-9-carboxy-THC (THC-O-COOH) and 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC (11-OH-THC).
Reduction of plasma concentration by 50% can occur within 20 to 25% of the original dose taken, depending on the administration route, other drug interaction, sensitivity of cannabinoid metabolites in drug tests, and influence of body weight, metabolism, and fat composition.
Generally speaking, the plasma peak of delta-9-THC occurs in about 0.5 to 1.0 hours after smoking marijuana and injecting dependence or gradually decreases from 0.5 to 12.0 hours after low-dose oral ingestion.
Meanwhile, it peaks at 1 to 8 hours following high dose oral ingestion, soon before the decrease of plasma concentration.
Health Risks Associated with Hydroxy-delta-9-THC
Like biomolecules, it also undergoes metabolism. Using various substrates, the active ingredient THC is oxidized into different metabolites.
The most common and highly active isomers of CBD, CBN, hydroxy-delta-8-THC, and hydroxy-delta-9-THC. Some of these compositions may be harmful to the human body.
The hydroxylated metabolite of THC, 11-OH-THC, is responsible for many of the psychoactive effects of Delta-9-THC since it has a high binding affinity to the CB1 receptor in the endocannabinoid system.
11-OH-THC is a potent anxiogenic, meaning it can trigger anxiety and panic disorders even in low doses. It can cause more adverse effects on cardiovascular function and memory impairment in the early stages of metabolism.
This makes it a more potent psychotropic agent than Delta-9-THC. It could be especially relevant if you come across a product with a higher amount of 11-OH-THC than your body can handle – thereby over time leading to various complications such as paranoia and psychosis.
Here are some common health risks associated with Delta-9-THC including the hydroxy-metabolite that should concern potential CBD users:
Anxiety
Energy, hyperactivity, and social activity appear to be influenced most after ingesting CBD notably if the CBD product contains more than 11-OH-THC.
It has been reported that patients who consume products with higher concentrations of 11-OH-THC experience more intense anxiety than those who consume products with lower concentrations.
It is also possible for individuals with a predisposition to anxiety disorders to experience increased anxiety after consuming CBD products with elevated levels of 11-OH-THC.
Psychosis
Consuming Delta-9-THC and its metabolites can significantly affect psychotic symptoms.
In 1938, a study reported that a specific concentration of Delta-9-THC in an oral dose could cause mild dizziness and dysphoria or anxiety.
There is some evidence to suggest that THC, particularly at high doses, can exacerbate cognitive impairments and psychotic symptoms, which include delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking.
These effects are generally transient, but they can leave lasting impressions on people in the long run.
Fertility (Decreased Sperm Count and Mobility)
Regular marijuana use has been associated with decreases in testosterone and sperm count reduction in men. Studies have shown that higher levels of marijuana use have resulted in lower sperm concentrations and mobility.
This means men who want to conceive might find difficulty doing so when using marijuana regularly. It can cause them to take more extended periods.
For some individuals, it can also have an effect on metabolism. Thus, when people consume marijuana, they tend to feel hungrier, and over time this may lead someone to become overweight or obese if they increase their food consumption.
This can lead to a decrease in the person's overall quality of life, and it is essential to be aware of this possible side effect and consult with a medical professional if you are experiencing weight fluctuations.
CB1 Receptors
Cannabinoids interact mainly on the two most abundant and studied cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. The CB1 receptor is an abundant G protein-coupled receptor primarily found in the central nervous system, liver, fat, muscles, and reproductive organs.
CB1 Receptor Activation
Cannabinoids in both CB1 and CB2 receptors are members of the class of neurotransmitters or chemical messengers, which include amino acids, monamines, neuropeptides, and certain lipids.
It stimulates the same signal transduction pathways and generally leads to the same functional outcome in normal physiological systems.
However, endocannabinoids are produced naturally by the body, and phytocannabinoids are taken in from external sources. The endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids bind with CB1 receptors.
CB1 receptors are especially abundant in brain areas responsible for cerebral high such as the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and limbic system.
The large presence of CB1 receptors in both prefrontal cortex areas (responsible for attention, decision-making, and inhibitory behavior) and several dorsal raphe nucleus (important for serotonergic transmission throughout the forebrain) may account for some of the detrimental effects of Delta-9-THC consumption.
When the Delta-9-THC binds with the CB1 receptor, it reduces the flow of dopamine and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA). It then initiates the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter like glutamate throughout the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc).
A change in any of these physiological pathways may lead to the intoxicating effects induced with CB1 stimulation.
CB1 Receptor Inhibition
CB1 activation potently inhibits adenylyl cyclase, which is known to mediate the production of cAMP or cyclic adenosine monophosphate, subunit catalytic.
Downstream signaling upon CB1-mediated Inhibition of AC activity results in reductions in heart rate, contractility, and corneal inflammation.
In the intestine, endothelial CB1 receptor activation mediates analgesic responses, also providing protection against inflammation in the gut. The activation has been described to inhibit both long-term potentiation (LTP) and Long-term depression (LTD).
It is worth noting that, due to its anxiolytic and analgesic effects, clinically, the CB1 receptor inhibitors have been considered highly advisable for use in diverse therapeutic areas.
The Bottom Line
Delta-9-THC is the primary psychoactive compound found in cannabis. The interaction of Delta-9-THC with cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 modification directly influences the release of neurotransmitters that leads to the euphoric and intoxicating effects associated with marijuana consumption.
The half-life of Delta-9-THC, which varies depending on the route of administration and other factors, provides insight into how long the effects of marijuana may last.
While Delta-9-THC is generally safe for medical and recreational use in controlled amounts, excessive consumption can lead to adverse health effects and risks of addiction.
Individuals should exercise caution when using Delta-9-THC products to minimize these risks.
If you are concerned about the potential side effects of Delta-9-THC, it is best to consult with a medical professional.
Answers To Common Questions
What is Delta 9p?
Delta 9p refers to a specific gene on chromosome 9p, but its function and significance are currently unknown.
Who discovered Delta 9p?
The discovery of Delta 9p is attributed to the scientific community, but the specific researchers or institutions are unknown.
What is the role of Delta 9p in the body?
The role of Delta 9p in the body is currently unknown, and further research is needed to understand its function.
How is Delta 9p studied?
Delta 9p is studied through various research methods, including genetic analysis, molecular biology techniques, and clinical observations.
What are the potential implications of Delta 9p?
Since the function of Delta 9p is unknown, its potential implications in health or disease remain uncertain at this time.
Can Delta 9p be linked to any specific condition?
As of now, there is no known link between Delta 9p and any specific condition or disease.
Dr. Elizabeth Thompson, MD, PhD, is an esteemed medical researcher and psychiatrist specializing in the field of psychopharmacology. With over 15 years of experience in the medical field, Dr. Thompson has dedicated her career to understanding the effects of various psychoactive substances on mental health.
Dr. Thompson obtained her medical degree from Harvard Medical School, where she also completed her residency training in psychiatry. Following her residency, she pursued a Ph.D. in Pharmacology at Johns Hopkins University, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of drug action in the brain.
Throughout her career, Dr. Thompson has published numerous peer-reviewed articles in reputable scientific journals, shedding light on the therapeutic benefits and potential risks associated with psychoactive substances. Her expertise in the field of psychopharmacology has made her a sought-after speaker at international conferences and symposiums.
Dr. Thompson's passion for patient care and commitment to evidence-based medicine drive her research efforts, aiming to provide clinicians and patients with reliable information to make informed decisions regarding the use of substances like Delta-9-THC. Her extensive knowledge and experience make her a trusted authority in the field.
